Reproductive cycles of two island pitvipers species (Serpentes, Viperidae) determined by ultrasonography and radiography.

We used ultrasonography and radiography to assess the sexual organs and characterize the reproductive cycle of captive golden lancehead (Bothrops insularis) and Alcatrazes lancehead (B. alcatraz), two endangered island snake species in Brazil. We assessed 46- individuals of golden lancehead and 12 of Alcatrazes lancehead kept in captivity between 2014 and 2020. Follicular development was similar between species, but follicles in Alcatrazes lancehead were smaller than in the golden lanceheads. Female golden lanceheads produced 24 live young, seven stillborn and 73 undeveloped eggs. Parturition of live young occurred between midsummer (February) and early autumn and gestation averaged 8 months. Female Alcatrazes lanceheads produced four live young in midsummer, and one undeveloped egg in early autumn. Males and females of both species have seasonal and biennial reproductive cycles. Sperm storage in both sexes is essential to coordinate male and female cycles. The data obtained with golden lancehead and Alcatrazes lancehead in captivity, demonstrate a degree of conservatism, following data from other Bothrops.

Comparison of estimations of urinary bladder volume in different scanning positions using 2D linear dimension formula and 3D bladder circumference tracing in client-owned cats.

Urinary bladder volume (UBV) can be estimated using point-of-care ultrasound. The purpose of this study was to compare 2 UBV estimation methods, i.e., three-dimensional (3D) bladder circumference tracing and 2-dimensional (2D) linear bladder dimension formula, against actual bladder volumes in awake client-owned cats and identify the best scanning position for UBV estimations. Up to 3 paired sets of orthogonal longitudinal and transverse bladder ultrasound images were acquired by a trained clinician from 21 cats positioned in dorsal, right lateral, and left lateral recumbency. UBV estimation was performed with these images by 2 different observers using both methods. Actual bladder volumes were measured through urethral catheterization and compared to the estimated UBV using Lin's concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analyses. Considering all positions, both methods showed substantial strength-of-agreement with actual bladder volumes; the 3D bladder circumference method (ρc = 0.963, 95% CI: 0.952 to 0.974) with a significant median bias of -4.08 mL (P < 0.001, IQR -7.63 to -0.68 mL, LOA -48.55 to 21.75 mL) and the 2D linear dimension method (ρc = 0.974, 95% CI: 0.966 to 0.982) with a median bias of -0.82 mL (P = 0.686, IQR -3.89 to 4.05 mL, LOA -35.23 to 35.21 mL). Scanning in left lateral recumbency provided the strongest strengths-of-agreement and precision against actual bladder volumes for both methods. Regardless of scanning positions, the 2D linear dimension method is more accurate than the 3D bladder circumference method, although both methods are imprecise with increasing volumes and UBV assessment through urinary catheterization remains the gold standard.

Le volume vésical (UBV) peut être estimé à l'aide de l'échographie au point d'intervention. L'objectif de cette étude fut de comparer 2 méthodes d'estimation du UBV, i.e., le tracé tridimensionnel (3D) de la circonférence de la vessie et la formule de dimension linéaire en 2 dimensions (2D), aux volumes vésicaux réels chez des chats éveillés appartenant à des clients, ainsi que d'identifier la meilleure position de balayage pour l'estimation du UBV. Jusqu'à 3 séries appariées d'images ultrasonores longitudinales et transverses orthogonales ont été acquises par une clinicienne qualifiée sur 21 chats positionnés en décubitus dorsal, latéral droit et latéral gauche. L'estimation du UBV a été réalisée à partir de ces images par 2 observateurs différents utilisant les 2 méthodes. Les volumes vésicaux réels ont été mesurés par cathétérisme urétral et comparés aux UBV estimés à l'aide du coefficient de corrélation de concordance de Lin et d'analyses de Bland-Altman. Toutes positions confondues, les 2 méthodes ont montré une concordance considérable avec les volumes vésicaux réels; la méthode de la circonférence vésicale 3D (ρc = 0,963, 95 % CI : 0,952 à 0,974) avec un biais médian significatif de −4,08 mL (P < 0,001, IQR −7,63 à −0,68 mL, LOA −48,55 à 21,75 mL) et la méthode de la dimension linéaire 2D (ρc = 0,974, 95 % CI : 0,966 à 0,982) avec un biais médian de −0,82 mL (P = 0,686, IQR −3,89 à 4,05 mL, LOA −35,23 à 35,21 mL). Le balayage en décubitus latéral gauche a démontré les meilleures concordance et précision par rapport aux volumes vésicaux réels pour les 2 méthodes. Quelle que soit la position de balayage, la méthode de la dimension linéaire 2D est plus précise que la méthode de circonférence vésicale 3D, bien que les 2 méthodes deviennent imprécises avec des volumes vésicaux plus élevés et que l'évaluation du UBV par cathétérisme urinaire demeure l'étalon d'or.(Traduit par les auteurs).

Cadaveric study of the ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block over the transverse process of the twelfth thoracic vertebra in dogs: Transversal vs longitudinal approach.

This study describes a transversal (TV) ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane (ESP) block technique over the transverse process of T12. And evaluates the distribution of the dye and affected nerves branches compared to a longitudinal (LNG) approach over the transverse process of T12 in canine cadavers. Secondly, it also compares de anatomy and dimensions of the transverse processes of T12 with T9 and T5. For this double-masked, cadaveric experimental study, 12 adult Beagle cadavers were injected with 0.6 mL/kg of dye/contrast. Spread was evaluated by computed tomography (CT) and dissection. Mean bodyweight was 9.76 (±0.59) kg. The TV and LNG approaches stained a median (range) of four (2-6) and three (1-6) medial branches of the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves, three (2-6) and three (2-5) lateral branches, and one (0-3) and one (0-4) ventral branches, respectively. Dye was detected in the epidural space in 55.6% and 66.7% of cases for the TV and LNG approaches, respectively (P=0.63). And in the ventral paravertebral compartment in 22.2% and lymphatics in 88.8% in both approaches. There were no statistical differences for the spread. The dorsolateral edge of the transverse process (TP) was not visible with CT at T12. The mean (±SD) length of the TP was significantly shorter at T12 [3.34 (±0.22)] mm, compared to T9 [6.08 (±0.47)] mm and T5 [5.93 (±0.62)] mm (P <0.001). This study showed similar distribution whether using a TV or LNG approach and differences in the anatomy and length of the T12 TP.

Evaluation of cortical bone strength using a quantitative ultrasound measurement device in dogs.

This study was performed to evaluate cortical bone strength in dogs using a quantitative ultrasound measurement device. In this study, 16 clinically healthy dogs with no lameness underwent measurement of the ultrasound propagation velocity of cortical bone (namely, speed of sound [SOS]) at the radius and tibia. Additionally, computed tomography examination with a calibration phantom was performed in 10 dogs. We calculated the bone mineral density (BMD) and Young's modulus from the computed tomography data using bone strength evaluation software. SOS, BMD, and Young's modulus were statistically compared between the radius and tibia. In addition, we examined the correlation between SOS and BMD and between SOS and Young's modulus. We also examined the correlation between SOS and age in the 13 dogs whose age was known. BMD and Young's modulus were not significantly different between the radius and tibia, but SOS was significantly different (P<0.05). Moreover, SOS and BMD showed a positive correlation in both radius and tibia. Similarly, SOS and Young's modulus showed a positive correlation. In addition, SOS and age showed a strong positive correlation (radius: r=0.77, P<0.05, tibia: r=0.83, P<0.05). Our finding that SOS of the radius and tibia cortical bone was correlated with BMD and Young's modulus indicates that quantitative ultrasound can be useful for evaluating cortical bone strength in dogs.

Evaluation of B-lines with 2 point-of-care lung ultrasound protocols in cats with radiographically normal lungs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare 2 point-of-care lung ultrasound (LUS) protocols for quantification of B-lines in cats without evidence of respiratory disease based on history, physical examination, and thoracic radiography. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Single center, veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS: Fifty-seven cats without respiratory disease based on history, physical examination, and thoracic radiographs. INTERVENTIONS: All cats had 2 point-of-care LUS protocols performed bilaterally: a regional protocol (veterinary bedside lung ultrasound evaluation [VetBLUE]) and a more comprehensive vertical sweeping (VS) protocol. The total number of B-lines per cat, number of sites with B-lines, and maximal number of B-lines at each site were recorded and compared. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Ten cats (18%) had at least 1 B-line identified with VetBLUE, versus 29 (51%) with VS. Comparing protocols, VS had a statistically higher total number of B-lines per cat, higher number of sites with B-lines, and higher maximal number of B-lines per site. B-lines that were too numerous to count were identified at a single location in 1 cat with VetBLUE and 2 cats with VS. A maximum of 3 B-lines were identified at all other positive sites regardless of the protocol used. On average, it took 1.79 times longer to complete VS bilaterally compared to VetBLUE (median [interquartile range]: 140 [33] and 78 [14] s, respectively) (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates it is not uncommon to identify a single or even multiple B-lines in 1 or several sites on LUS in cats deemed to be clinically free of respiratory pathology-essential knowledge when using LUS as a screening test and to monitor intrathoracic lesions. In cats asymptomatic for respiratory disease, VS generally identifies more B-lines than VetBLUE, likely because it assesses a larger lung surface area. The sonographic identification of B-lines should be interpreted considering the LUS protocol used, history, and other diagnostics to determine their clinical significance.

Accuracy and inter-rater agreement among practitioners using quick thoracic ultrasonography to diagnose calf pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) is a commonly used tool for on-farm detection of pneumonia in calves. Different scanning methods have been described, but the performance of novice practitioners after training has not been documented. METHODS: In this study, 38 practitioners performed quick TUS (qTUS) on 18-23 calves each. Pneumonia was defined as lung consolidation 1 cm or more in depth. Diagnostic parameters (accuracy [Acc], sensitivity [Se] and specificity [Sp]) were compared to those of an experienced operator. Cohen's kappa and Krippendorff's alpha (Kalpha) were determined. The potential effects of training and exam sessions on performance were evaluated. RESULTS: The average relative Se and Sp were 0.66 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.26; minimum [Min.]-Maximum [Max.] = 0-1) and 0.71 (SD = 0.19; Min.-Max. = 0.25-1), respectively. The average relative Acc was 0.73 (SD = 0.11; Min.-Max. = 0.52-0.96). Over all sessions, Cohen's kappa averaged 0.40 (SD = 0.24; Min.-Max. = 0.014-0.90) and Kalpha was 0.24 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.20-0.27), indicating 'fair' agreement. Calf age and housing influenced Se and Sp. Supervised practical training improved Se by 17.5% (95% CI: 0.01-0.34). LIMITATIONS: The separate effects of calf age and housing could not be determined. CONCLUSION: This study showed that qTUS, like any other clinical skill, has a learning curve, and variability in performance can be substantial. Adequate training and certification of one's skill are recommended to assure good diagnostic accuracy.

Serial monitoring of pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, C-reactive protein, abdominal ultrasonography, and clinical severity in dogs with suspected pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of pancreatitis is based on clinical signs, pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI), and abdominal ultrasonography (AUS). Diagnostic discrepancies exist between test results which might be related to differences in the timeline for resolution of these abnormalities after pancreatic injury. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate disease severity, ultrasonographic findings, and serum biomarkers of pancreatitis in dogs over a period of 28-days. ANIMALS: Sixteen client-owned dogs with a clinical suspicion for acute pancreatitis based on history/physical examination, an abnormal SNAP cPLI, and ultrasonographic evidence of pancreatitis. METHODS: Prospective observational study. Clinical severity (modified clinical activity index [MCAI]), cPLI, C-reactive protein (CRP), and AUS were evaluated at days 0, 2, 7, and 28. Owner assessed overall health (OH) was noted. Dogs were stratified into baseline cPLI ≥400 µg/L vs <400 µg/L groups for reporting. RESULTS: The median CRP, MCAI, and OH were 111.9 mg/L, 10, and 4/10 respectively in the cPLI ≥400 µg/L group. The median CRP, MCAI, and OH were 58.0 mg/L, 6, and 6/10 respectively in the cPLI <400 µg/L group. None of these variables were significantly different between groups. Most dogs (4/5) in the cPLI <400 µg/L group had a history of suspected pancreatitis (ie, suspect acute on chronic disease). cPLI and MCAI rapidly decreased in dogs with a baseline cPLI ≥400 µg/L, whereas sonographic evidence of pancreatitis persisted for a longer time period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Ultrasonographic evidence of pancreatitis in the absence of overt clinical or biochemical abnormalities might represent a resolving injury rather than active disease.

Unexpected diagnosis of canine lymphoma when performing an ultrasound-guided cystocentesis on a 3-year-old Rottweiler dog.

A 3-year-old spayed female Rottweiler dog was brought to a veterinary clinic because of weakness, lethargy, and hair coat changes. Hematology and clinical chemistry assessments revealed anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, and hypothyroid. After persistent pyuria, an ultrasound-guided cystocentesis was completed, which revealed a large abdominal mass. A presumptive diagnosis of canine lymphoma with renal spread was made. Due to a poor prognosis, the dog was euthanized.

Diagnostic inattendu de lymphome canin lors de la réalisation d'une cystocentèse échoguidée sur un chien Rottweiler de 3 ans. Une chienne Rottweiler stérilisée de 3 ans a été amenée dans une clinique vétérinaire en raison de faiblesse, de léthargie et de changements de pelage. Les évaluations hématologiques et chimiques cliniques ont révélé une anémie, une hypoalbuminémie, une hyperglobulinémie et une hypothyroïdie. Après une pyurie persistante, une cystocentèse échoguidée a été réalisée, révélant une masse abdominale volumineuse. Un diagnostic présomptif de lymphome canin à propagation rénale a été posé. En raison d'un mauvais pronostic, le chien a été euthanasié.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Sonographic and computed tomographic features of intestinal mast cell tumors mimicking alimentary lymphoma in 2 dogs.

Two shih tzu dogs were referred to our clinic because of hematochezia and vomiting. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a focal, asymmetric, exophytic small intestinal mass with loss of wall layering and muscular layer thickening of the adjacent intestine. Computed tomography (CT) in both dogs revealed a focal, asymmetric, homogenously contrast-enhanced exophytic jejunal and duodenal mass with an intact mucosal layer and generalized lymphadenopathy. Metastasis and ulceration were not detected on CT. The initial imaging diagnosis was lymphoma in both dogs; however, histopathological examination revealed the presence of intestinal mast cell tumors (iMCTs). Despite its similarity to alimentary lymphoma, iMCT should be considered a possible diagnosis, based on imaging characteristics, to ensure that proper treatments are selected. This is the first veterinary report describing detailed ultrasonographic and CT characteristics of iMCTs. Key clinical message: This is the first veterinary case report demonstrating sonographic and computed tomographic features of canine iMCT, which can be misdiagnosed as alimentary lymphoma. This report provides another differential diagnosis to consider when determining the appropriate patient treatment direction and histopathological examination.

Caractéristiques échographiques et tomodensitométriques de mastocytomes intestinaux imitant un lymphome alimentaire chez 2 chiens. Deux chiens shih tzu ont été référés à notre clinique en raison d'une hématochézie et de vomissements. L'échographie abdominale a révélé une masse focale, asymétrique et exophytique de l'intestin grêle avec perte de stratification pariétale et épaississement de la couche musculaire de l'intestin adjacent. La tomodensitométrie (TDM) chez les deux chiens a révélé une masse jéjunale et duodénale exophytique focale, asymétrique, homogène et contrastée avec une couche muqueuse intacte et une lymphadénopathie généralisée. Les métastases et les ulcérations n'ont pas été détectées par TDM. Le diagnostic initial d'imagerie était un lymphome chez les deux chiens; cependant, l'examen histopathologique a révélé la présence de mastocytomes intestinaux (iMCT). Malgré sa similitude avec le lymphome alimentaire, l'iMCT doit être considérée comme un diagnostic possible, basé sur les caractéristiques de l'imagerie, afin de garantir la sélection des traitements appropriés. Il s'agit du premier rapport vétérinaire décrivant les caractéristiques échographiques et tomodensitométriques détaillées des iMCT.Message clinique clé :Il s'agit du premier rapport de cas vétérinaire démontrant les caractéristiques échographiques et tomodensitométriques de l'iMCT canin, qui peuvent être diagnostiquées à tort comme un lymphome alimentaire. Ce rapport fournit un autre diagnostic différentiel à prendre en compte lors de la détermination de l'orientation thérapeutique et de l'examen histopathologique appropriés du patient.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Sonographic features of abdominal organs in healthy captive Neotropical otters (Lontra longicaudis).

This study aimed to assess the sonographic features of abdominal organs in healthy captive Neotropical otters (Lontra longicaudis). The sonograph showed that the urinary bladder was located in the caudal abdomen and its content was uniformly anechoic. The bladder wall had three layers: outer hyperechoic serosa, hypoechoic muscular layer and hyperechoic mucosa. The mean total wall thickness was 0.10 cm. The splenic parenchyma had a homogeneous echotexture with greater echogenicity than that of the left renal cortex and liver. The borders were regular and tapered. Rugal folds were observed in the stomach when undistended. The mean gastric wall thickness was 0.28 cm and five distinct layers were visible. The liver had smooth contours, and division of the hepatic lobes was not precisely visualized. The hepatic parenchyma had a homogeneous echotexture with greater echogenicity as compared to the right kidney and lesser echogenicity than that of the spleen. The gallbladder appeared as an oval or rounded structure in the transverse plane, filled with homogeneous anechogenic content; the wall was thin, regular and hyperechoic, with a mean thickness of 0.09 cm. The kidneys had a lobulated appearance with renicular subunits. The mean total length of the kidneys in longitudinal plane was 6.18 cm for the left and 6.27 cm for the right. Each reniculus was covered by an echogenic capsule, and the medullary region was more hypoechogenic than the cortical region. In conclusion, sonographic features in most of the abdominal organs in Neotropical otters are similar to the ultrasound patterns observed in healthy dogs and cats, except for kidneys with reniculi.

Radiographic and sonographic features, and histogram parameters of the liver and spleen in healthy Toco toucans (Ramphastos toco, Müller 1976).

This study aimed to evaluate radiographic and sonographic features, and histogram parameters based on grayscale ultrasound of the liver and spleen in healthy toco toucans. Fifteen adult toco toucans (Ramphastos toco), seven females and eight males, weighing approximately 650 g, were enrolled in the study. On the right lateral radiographic view, the liver was visualized in the midventral region of the coelomic cavity; ultrasonographically, the liver was located in the middle portion of the coelomic cavity in close relationship to the heart, and thoracic and abdominal air sacs. Two hepatic lobes were identified; the right lobe was larger than the left one. The spleen was visualized in 10 toco toucans on radiographs and only in eight toucans on ultrasound exams. The gallbladder was identified only on ultrasound. On the right lateral radiographic view, the spleen was visualized dorsal to the proventriculus and ventral to the lungs/air sacs as an oval shape. Ultrasonographically, the spleen was observed caudal to the liver, cranial to the proventriculus and craniodorsal to the ventriculus. There was no significant difference in spleen length for either radiographic or ultrasound measurements. The brightness intensity (BI) for mean gray level (G) and standard deviation of gray levels (SG ) in the liver were 101.315 (± 16.170) and 12.453 (± 2.616), respectively. Mean G and SG levels in the spleen were 63.940 (± 18.321) and 7.494 (± 3.595), respectively. In conclusion, the sonographic features and histogram parameters indicated that the liver is more echogenic and heterogeneous than the spleen, which must be considered for diagnosing alterations in these organs.

Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the dromedary camel distal limbs.

BACKGROUND: Lameness associated with the distal limb region in dromedary camels is quiet prevalent. The diagnosis of lameness relies on a comprehensive orthopedic examination conjugated with an appropriate imaging modality to achieve a decisive diagnosis. Using of modern imaging tools provoked a significant breakthrough in the diagnosis of lameness. Ultrasonography (US) is widely established in dromedaries, whereas computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are gaining popularity. CT provides a considerably higher bone detail than any other imaging modality. US and MRI continue to be the best options for soft tissue imaging. A truthful assessment of the clinical US, CT and MRI images dictates a comprehensive familiarity with the standard US, CT and MRI tissue deviations. Accordingly, our purposes were to present a full MRI protocol for investigating the dromedary camel distal limbs as well as comparing and illustrating the merits of using MRI, CT and US for evaluation of the front and hind distal limbs in 10 healthy lameness free dromedary camel cadavers. The limbs were scanned via a high-field 1.5 Tesla MRI magnet and a multi-detector CT scanner then subjected to a systematic US examination in both longitudinal and transverse planes. The obtained MRI, CT and US images were evaluated, correlated and compared. RESULTS: CT and MRI eliminated the structural superimposition in the dromedary camel distal limbs and afforded assessment of minute ligamentous and tendentious structures that were inaccessible by US including the axial collateral ligaments, ligaments supporting the proximal sesamoid bones and the palmar/plantar aspects of the inter-phalangeal joints. US and MRI were appreciated for the assessment of the articular cartilage that was not visible on the plain CT images. CONCLUSIONS: CT and MRI accurately identified and characterized bones and soft tissues constituting the dromedary camel distal limbs. US was appreciated for assessment of soft tissues, articular cartilage and bone contours. CT and MRI may be considered when US results are inconclusive or to evaluate the unreachable parts of the camel distal limbs. Images presented in this study could be used as a reference standard for evaluating dromedary camel distal limb diseases.

Estimation of gestational age in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) by transabdominal and transrectal ultrasonography.

The aims of the presented study were (1) to examine the relationship between foetal measurements and gestational age (GA), (2) to generate GA formulas, and (3) to investigate the estimation of GA by transabdominal ultrasonography in buffaloes. Thirteen pregnant buffaloes were used in the study. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed between Day (D) 28 and 112 of gestational age, whereas transabdominal ultrasonography was between 126 and 294. The diameters of embryonic (EVD) and amniotic (AVD) vesicles, crown-rump length (CRL), occipito-nasal length (ONL), biparietal diameter (BPD), orbit diameter (OD), cervical, thoracic, lumbar and coccygeal vertebrae lengths (CVL, TVL, LVL, CcVL), abdominal diameter (AD), chest diameter (CD), umbilical cord diameter (UCD), scapula, humerus, radius-ulna, metacarpus, femur, tibia, and metatarsus lengths (SL, HL, RUL, McL, FL, TL, MtL), diameters of transversal heart (THD), stomach (SD), kidney (KD), and outer diameter, circumference and area of placentomas (OPD, OPC, OPA) were measured by ultrasonography. All 26 parameters were highly correlated with GA (r = 0.968 - 0.999). The observation of the foetus was evident in all animals via transabdominal ultrasonography, and all parameters except EVD, AVD, and CRL could be measured on D 126. In addition, heartbeats, the sign of foetal vitality, could be observed in 11 of 13 living foetuses. This study is the first to demonstrate that transabdominal ultrasonography can be used to estimate GA in buffaloes. In addition, GA formulas related to ONL, CVL, TVL, LVL, CcVL, extremity bone lengths, THD, UCD, PC, and PA measurements were created for the first time in buffaloes.

Diagnosis of traumatic urethral stricture in a canine patient with contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography : A case report.

A 5-year-old intact male mixed-breed dog presented with a 3-day history of stranguria and dysuria. Results of physical examination, plain radiographs, and ultrasonography were consistent with a traumatic urethral stricture in the prescrotal urethra just under the previous trauma region, resulting in partial obstruction of urine outflow. Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (CE-VUS) was performed, and a urethral stricture was confirmed. The dog underwent surgery. A scrotal urethrostomy was performed. After 3 days of hospitalization, the dog was discharged from the Clinic. Based on an extensive literature review, this is the first report using CE-VUS to evaluate urethral pathology in a canine patient.

Lung ultrasound score in dogs and cats: A reliability study.

BACKGROUND: Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a noninvasive tool for examining respiratory distress patients. The lung ultrasound score (LUSS) can be used to quantify and monitor lung aeration loss with good reliability. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Assess the reliability of a new LUSS among raters with different levels of experience and determine how well the same raters agree on identifying patterns of LUS abnormalities. ANIMALS: Forty LUS examinations of dogs and cats and 320 videos were reviewed from a digital database. METHODS: Retrospective reliability study with post hoc analysis. Protocolized LUS were randomly selected; intrarater and interrater reliability of the LUSS and pattern recognition agreement among 4 raters with different levels of experience in LUS were tested. RESULTS: The intrarater intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) single measurement, absolute agreement, and 2-way mixed effects model was 0.967 for the high-experience rater (H-Exp), 0.963 and 0.952 for the medium-experience raters (M-Exp-1; M-Exp-2), and 0.950 for the low-experience rater (L-Exp). The interrater ICC average measurement, absolute agreement, and 2-way random effects model among the observers was 0.980. The Fleiss' kappa (k) values showed almost perfect agreement (k = 1) among raters in identifying pleural effusion and translobar tissue-like pattern, strong agreement for A-lines (k = 0.881) and B-lines (k = 0.806), moderate agreement (k = 0.693) for subpleural loss of aeration, and weak agreement (k = 0.474) for irregularities of the pleural line. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Our results indicate excellent intra- and interrater reliability for LUS scoring and pattern identification, providing a foundation for the use of the LUSS in emergency medicine and intensive care.

Abdominal ultrasound features and reference values in healthy guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the ultrasonographic features and reference values of the abdominal anatomy in guinea pigs. METHODS: A complete abdominal ultrasonographic examination was performed in 20 adults and 20 young guinea pigs. The thickness of the wall of the gallbladder, stomach, duodenum, caecum, colon and urinary bladder (UB) was measured. Also, the adrenal glands (AGs) (width of the cranial and caudal poles, length), kidneys (length, width, height), ovaries (length, width), testes (length, width), uterus (width) and seminal glands (width) and the thickness of the spleen and pancreas were measured. All the measurements were compared between age groups and sexes. RESULTS: The liver, gallbladder, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, UB, AGs and great vessels were clearly visualised in all the guinea pigs. No significant statistical differences were found between the sexes, but there were statistically significant differences in the size of the kidneys, AGs, pancreas, spleen and reproductive organs between age groups. No significant differences in the wall thickness of the digestive system, gallbladder and UB were observed between groups. LIMITATIONS: The main limitation of this study is the lack of gross anatomical or histological correlation. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support the use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in guinea pigs and provide reference values for the abdominal organs of this species.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the thyroid gland in healthy dogs, hypothyroid dogs and dogs with non-thyroidal illness.

Diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism remains challenging, as non-thyroidal illness (NTI)-syndrome and medical treatment can influence thyroid hormone concentrations. Conventional ultrasound may give additional hints, however high interobserver variability has been described. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) allows detection of changes in tissue perfusion. The purpose of the present study was to assess the possible diagnostic value of CEUS regarding diagnosis of hypothyroidism. CEUS of the thyroid gland was performed in 52 healthy dogs, 16 hypothyroid dogs, and 20 NTI patients. The following perfusion parameters were calculated: Thyroid/carotid artery (TG/CA) ratios for peak enhancement (PE) and area under the curve (AUC), time to peak (TTP) and wash-in and wash-out rates (WiR, WoR) of the thyroid gland. Impact of sedation on perfusion parameters was investigated in 8 calm healthy dogs which were examined before and after sedation using midazolam and butorphanol. Significantly higher median TG/CA ratios for PE were detected for the left and right thyroid lobe in dogs with hypothyroidism (0.97/0.96) compared to healthy dogs (0.85/0.85) and dogs with NTI (0.84/0.84). AUCs were also significantly increased in hypothyroid dogs when compared to other groups. Dogs with NTI showed significantly lower WiR and WoR compared to other groups. Values for TTP were not significantly different between groups. Sedation had only impact on results of TTP which was significantly prolonged in sedated dogs. In conclusion, CEUS of the thyroid gland can provide an additional tool for diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs and support its differentiation from NTI. Sedation has limited impact on CEUS results.

Association between total hypercalcaemia and iliosacral lymph node metastasis in dogs diagnosed with anal sac adenocarcinoma using abdominal ultrasonography.

BACKGROUND: Anal sac adenocarcinoma (ASACA) in dogs is a malignant perianal tumour that often metastasizes to the iliosacral lymph nodes. Additionally, this tumour can be associated with hypercalcemia of malignancy. To date, no study has looked at the association between increased blood calcium levels and suspected or confirmed lymph node metastasis as a primary objective. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine if increased total serum calcium level is associated with iliosacral lymph node metastasis in dogs diagnosed with ASACA. METHODS: Medical records of a single referral hospital were searched to identify dogs examined between 2011 and 2021 that had a diagnosis of ASACA via cytology or histopathology. Only dogs that had serum total calcium recorded and abdominal ultrasound were included in the study. All images were reviewed by a board-certified radiologist blinded to any patient identifiers. RESULTS: Of the 58 dogs, 33% (19/58) had total hypercalcaemia, and of these, 68% had confirmed or suspected iliosacral lymph node metastasis. Total hypercalcaemia was significantly associated with confirmed or suspected iliosacral lymph node metastasis (p < 0.01). However, 46% (11/24) of dogs with confirmed or suspected iliosacral lymph node metastasis were normocalcaemic. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, it is suggested that while the presence of total hypercalcaemia may increase the likelihood of concurrent lymph node metastasis, total hypercalcaemia alone cannot be used as a screening tool for lymph node metastasis. Dogs diagnosed with ASACA should undergo full staging regardless of total serum calcium values.

Comparative diagnoses of respiratory disease in preweaned dairy calves using sequential thoracic ultrasonography and clinical respiratory scoring.

AIMS: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) has serious impacts on dairy production and animal welfare. It is most commonly diagnosed based on clinical respiratory signs (CRS), but in recent years, thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) has emerged as a diagnostic tool with improved sensitivity and specificity. This study aimed to assess the alignment of BRD diagnoses based on a Clinical Respiratory Scoring Chart (CRSC) and weekly TUS findings throughout the progression of BRD of variable severity in preweaned Holstein dairy heifers. METHODS: A total of 60 calves on two farms were followed from the 2nd week of life through the 11th week of life and assessed on a weekly basis for CRS and lung consolidation via TUS. The alignment of BRD diagnoses based on CRSC scores and TUS findings was evaluated across disease progression (pre-consolidation, onset, chronic, or recovered) and severity (lobular or lobar lung consolidation) using receiver operator curves and area under the curves combined with Cohen's kappa (κ), sensitivity, and specificity. RESULTS: The diagnosis of BRD using CRSC scores ≥5 aligned best with the onset of lobar lung consolidation (>1 cm in width and full thickness). This equated to an acceptable level of discrimination (AUC = 0.76), fair agreement (κ = 0.37), and a sensitivity of 29% and specificity of 99%. Similarly, there was acceptable discrimination (AUC = 0.70) and fair agreement (κ = 0.33) between CRSC ≥5 and the onset of a less severe threshold of disease based on lobular (1-3 cm2 but not full thickness) or lobar consolidation. Discrimination remained acceptable (AUC = 0.71) with fair agreement (κ = 0.28) between CRSC scores ≥2 for nasal discharge and/or cough (spontaneous or induced) and the onset of lobar consolidation. However, sensitivity was <40% across comparisons and outside of the onset of disease there tended to be poor discrimination, slight agreement, and lowered sensitivity between CRS and TUS diagnoses of lobular or lobar consolidation (pre-consolidation, chronic, or recovered). Conversely, specificity was relatively high (≥92%) across comparisons suggesting that CRSC diagnoses indicative of BRD and associated lung consolidation tend to result in few false positive diagnoses and accurate identification of healthy animals. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although we found the specificity of clinical signs for diagnosing lung consolidation to be ≥92% across all methods of TUS evaluations, the low levels of sensitivity dictate that clinical assessments lead to many false negative diagnoses. Consequently, depending on clinical signs alone to diagnose BRD within populations of dairy calves will likely result in overlooking a substantial proportion of subclinically affected animals that could inform the success of treatment and prevention protocols and guide management decisions.

Prediction of carcass traits in fattening Chios and Serres lambs using real-time ultrasonography and live body weight measurements pre-slaughter.

The objective of this study was to assess the capability of predicting carcass traits and meat cuts weights, in fattening lambs of indigenous Greek dairy sheep breeds, using ultrasound measurements and live body weight measurements pre-slaughter. A total of 187 lambs of Chios and Serres breeds were involved in the study. Body condition score, live body weight (LBW), and ultrasound measurements of Longissimus lumborum muscle depth (LMD) and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) at the lumbar region were recorded pre-slaughter. After slaughter, the carcasses were classified using five-degree grading systems for muscle development and fat deposition, while hot (HCW) and cold carcass (CCW) and meat cuts weights were measured. The statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and linear regression models to estimate the fixed effects of sex and the covariances of LBW, BCS, and ultrasound measurements on the studied traits. High R2 values (0.60 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.92) were observed in the models predicting HCW, CCW, forequarter, leg chump on shank off, the short loin, the eye of the short loin, and foreshank weights. Among the models estimated LMD, SFT, and LBW as significant predictors, the ones predicting hot and cold carcass weights, the short loin, the eye of the short loin, and the eye of the rack weights were successfully validated. Other models including BCS, LBW, sex, and either one or none of the ultrasonography measurements as predictors were also validated and presented.